Tamil Nadu 10th Standard Science Book Solution | Lesson 14 – Transportation in Plants and Circulation in Animals

Lesson 14. Transportation in Plants and Circulation in Animals

Lesson 14. > Transportation in Plants and Circulation in Animals

I. Choose the best answer

1. Active transport involves

1. Movement of molecules from lower to higher concentration
2. Expenditure of energy
3. It is an uphill task
4. All of the above

Ans ; All of the above

2. Water which is absorbed by roots is transported to aerial parts of the plant through

1. Cortex
2. Epidermis
3. Phloem
4. Xylem

Ans ; Xylem

3. During transpiration there is loss of

1. Carbon di oxide
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. None of the above

Ans ; Water

4. Root hairs are

1. Cortical cell
2. Projection of epidermal cell
3. Unicellular
4. Both b and c

Ans ; Both b and c

5. Which of the following process requires energy?

1. Active transport
2. Diffusion
3. Osmosis
4. All of them

Ans ; Active transport

6. The wall of human heart is made up of

1. Endocardium
2. Epicardium
3. Myocardium
4. All of the above

Ans ; All of the above

7. Which is the sequence of correct blood flow

1. Ventricle – atrium – vein – arteries
2. Atrium – ventricle – veins – arteries
3. Atrium – ventricle – arteries – veins
4. Ventricles – vein – atrium – arteries

Ans ; Atrium – Ventricle – Arteries – Vein

8. A patient with blood group O was injured in an accident and has blood loss. Which blood group the doctor should effectively use for transfusion in this condition?

1. O group
2. AB group
3. A or B group
4. All blood group

Ans ; O group

9. ‘Heart of heart’ is called

1. SA node
2. AV node
3. Purkinje fibres
4. Bundle of His

Ans ; SA node

10. Which one of the following regarding blood composition is correct

1. Plasma – Blood + Lymphocytes
2. Serum – Blood + Fibrinogen
3. Lymph – Plasma + RBC + WBC
4. Blood – Plasma + RBC + WBC + Platelets

Ans ; Blood – Plasma + RBC + WBC + Platelets

II. Fill in the blanks

1. __________ involves evaporative loss of water from aerial parts.

Ans ;Transpiration

2. Water enters the root cell through a __________ plasma membrane.

Ans ; Semi-permeable

3. Structures in roots that help to absorb water are __________.

Ans ; Root hairs

4. Normal blood pressure is __________.

Ans ; 120 mm / 80 mm Hg

5. The normal human heartbeat rate is about __________ time per minute.

Ans ; 72 – 75

III. Match the following

Section I

1. Symplastic pathway – Leaf
2. Transpiration – Plasmodesmata
3. Osmosis – Pressure in xylem
4. Root Pressure – Pressure gradient

Ans ; 1- B, 2 – A, 3 – D, 4 – C

Section II

1. Leukemia – Thrombocytes
2. Platelets – Phagocyte
3. Monocytes – Decrease in leucocytes
4. Leucopenia – Blood Cancer
5. AB blood group – Allergic condition
6. O blood group – Inflammation
7. Eosinophil – Absence of antigen
8. Neutrophils – Absence of antibody

Ans ; 1- D, 2 – A, 3 – B, 4 – C, 5 – H, 6 – G, 7 – E, 8 – F

IV. State whether True or False. If false write the correct statement

1. The phloem is responsible for the translocation of food. ( True )

2. Plants lose water by the process of transpiration. ( True )

3. The form of sugar transported through the phloem is glucose. ( False )

• The form of sugar transported through the phloem is Sucrose.

4. In apoplastic movement the water travels through the cells membrane and enter the cell. ( False )

• In symplastic movement the water travels through the cell membrane and enter the cell.

5. When guard cells lose water the stoma opens. ( False )

• When the guard cells lose water the stoma closes.

6. Initiation and stimulation of heart beat take place by nerves. ( False )

• Initiation and stimulation of heart beat takes place by Sino – atrial (SA) node.

7. All veins carry deoxygenated blood. ( False )

• All veins, except pulmonary vein, carry deoxygenated blood.

8. WBC defend the body from bacterial and viral infection. ( True )

9. The closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of the ventricular systole produces the first sound ‘ LUBB’. ( True )

V. Answer in a word or sentence 

1. Name two layered protective covering of human heart.

Two layered protective covering of human heart is Pericardium.

2. What is the shape of RBC in human blood?

RBCs of human blood are biconcave or disc-shaped.

3. Why is the colour of the blood red?

The blood is red because of the presence of red coloured respiratory pigment haemoglobin.

4. Which kind of cells are found in the lymph?

White Blood cells (WBC) are found in the lymph.

5. Name the heart valve associated with the major arteries leaving the ventricles.

Semilunar valves are associated with the major arteries (Pulmonary artery and aorta) leaving the ventricles.

6. Mention the artery which supplies blood to the heart muscle.

Coronary artery supplies blood to the heart muscles.

VI. Short answer questions

1. What causes the opening and closing of guard cells of stomata during transpiration?
The opening and closing of the stomata is due to the change in turgidity of the guard cells.

1. When turgidity increases within the two guard cells stoma opens.
2. When the guard cells lose water, it becomes flaccid and the stoma closes.

2. What is cohesion?

The force of attraction between molecules of water is called cohesion.

3. Trace the pathway followed by water molecules from the time it enters a plant root to the time it escapes into the atmosphere from a leaf.

1. Once the water enters the root hairs, the concentration of water molecules in the root hair cells become more than that of the cortex.
2. Thus water from the root hair moves to the cortical cells by osmosis and then reaches the xylem.
3. From there the water is transported to the stem and leaves and then to atmosphere by transpiration.

ROOT HAIR ——> CORTICAL CELLS ——> XYLEM ——>  STEM ——>  LEAVES ——>  ATMOSPHERE

4. What would happen to the leaves of a plant that transpires more water than its absorption in the roots?

When transpiration exceeds water absorption by the roots, the plant dehydrates. Dehydration affects growth, photosynthesis etc. which can result in wilting and dying of the plant.

5. Describe the structure and working of the human heart.

1. The heart is enclosed in a double walled sac called pericardium.
2. The human heart is four chambered.
3. The two upper thin walled chambers of the heart are called auricle or atria.
4. The two lower thick walled chambers are called ventricles.
5. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body through main veins superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.
6.  Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs.
7. The right and left auricles pump blood into the right and left ventricles respectively.
8. From the right ventricle arises the pulmonary trunk which bifurcates to form right and left pulmonary arteries.
9. The right and left pulmonary arteries supply deoxygenated to the lungs of the respective side.
10. The left ventricle gives rise to aorta.
11. The oxygenated blood is supplied by the aorta to various organs of the body.
12. The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart.

6. Why is the circulation in man referred to as double circulation?

When the blood circulates twice through the heart in one complete cycle, it is called double circulation.

7. What are heart sounds? How are they produced?

The rhythmic closure and opening of the valves cause the sound of the heart.

1. The first sound LUBB is of longer duration and is produced by the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves after the beginning of ventricular systole.
2. The second sound DUPP is of a shorter duration and produced by the closure of semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole.

8. What is the importance of valves in the heart?

Valves regulate the flow of blood in a single direction and prevent back flow of blood.

9. Who discovered Rh factor? Why was it named so?

1. Rh factor was discovered by Landsteiner and Wiener in 1940.
2. The Rh factor is named after the Rhesus monkey, which is the animal where it was first identified.

10. How are arteries and veins structurally different from one another?

11. Why is the Sinoatrial node called the pacemaker of heart?

Sino-atrial (SA) node acts as the ‘pacemaker’ of the heart because it is capable of initiating impulse which can stimulate the heart muscles to contract.

12. Differentiate between systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.

13. The complete events of cardiac cycle last for 0.8 sec. What is the timing for each event?

Each cardiac cycle, or heartbeat, takes about 0.8 seconds to complete the cycle.

The events during a single cardiac cycle involves

1. Strial systole : Contraction of auricles : 0.1 sec.
2. Ventricular systole : Contraction of ventricles : 0.3 sec.
3. Ventricular diastole : Relaxation of ventricles : 0.4 sec.

VII. Give reasons for the following statements

1. Minerals cannot be passively absorbed by the roots.

Minerals cannot be passively absorbed by the roots because

1. Minerals are present in the soil as charged particles which cannot move across the cell membranes.
2. The concentration of minerals in the soil is usually lower than the concentration of minerals in the root.
3. Most of the minerals enter the root by active absorption.

2. Guard cells are responsible for opening and closing of stomata.

The opening and closing of the stomata is due to the change in turgidity of the guard cells.

1. When turgidity increases within the two guard cells stoma opens.
2. When the guard cells lose water, it becomes flaccid and the stoma closes.

3. The movement of substances in the phloem can be in any direction.

1. During the growth of a plant, its leaves act as the source of food as they carry out photosynthesis.
2. The phloem conducts the food from the source to the sink (the part of the plant requiring or storing food).
3. During spring, this process is reversed as the food stored in the sink is transported toward the growing buds of the plant, through the phloem.
4. Thus, the movement of food in the phloem is bidirectional (i.e., upward and downward).

4. Minerals in the plants are not lost when the leaf falls.

In deciduous plants, minerals like phosphorus, suphur, nitrogen and potassium are remobilized from older dying leaves to younger leaves. So minerals in the plants are not lost when the older leaf falls.

5. The walls of the right ventricle are thicker than the right auricles.

Usually walls of the ventricles are thicker than auricles because the ventricles have to pump out blood with force away from the heart.

6. Mature RBC in mammals do not have cell organelles.

1. The lack of cell organelles and nucleus in mature RBC is an adaptation to be better equipped for its task.
2. The lack of cell organelles and nucleus accommodates more haemoglobin and allows it to carry more oxygen.

VIII. Long answer questions

1. How do plants absorb water? Explain.

1. Water is absorbed along with minerals, by the root hairs, purely by diffusion.
2. Root hairs are thin walled, slender extension of epidermal cell that increase the surface area of absorption.
3. Once the water enters the root hairs, the concentration of water molecules in the root hair cells become more than that of the cortex.
4. Thus water from the root hair moves to the cortical cells by osmosis and then reaches the xylem. From there the water is transported to the stem and leaves.
5. Once water is absorbed by the root hairs, it can move deeper into root layers by two distinct pathways:

1. 1. Apoplast Pathway : The apoplastic movement of water occurs exclusively through the intercellular spaces and the walls of the cells. Apoplastic movement does not involve crossing the cell membrane. This movement is dependent on the gradient.
   2. Symplast Pathway : In symplastic movement, the water travels through the cells i.e. their cytoplasm; intercellular movement is through the plasmodesmata. Water enters the cells through the cell membrane. Movement is again down a potential gradient.

2. What is transpiration? Give the importance of transpiration.

Transpiration is the evaporation of water in plants through stomata in the leaves.

Importance of Transpiration

1. Creates transpirational pull for transport of water.
2. Supplies water for photosynthesis.
3. Transports minerals from soil to all parts of the plant.
4. Cools the surface of the leaves by evaporation.
5. Keeps the cells turgid; hence, maintains their shape.

3. Why are leucocytes classified as granulocytes and agranulocytes? Name each cell and mention its functions.

Based on the presence or absence of granules , leucocytes are classified into two types.

1. Granulocytes : They contain granules in their cytoplasm.
2. Agranulocytes : Granules are not found in the cytoplasm of these cells.

I. Types of Granulocytes and their functions :

II. Types of Agranulocytes and their functions :

4. Differentiate between systole and diastole. Explain the conduction of heart beat.

I. Differences between Systole and Diastole.

II. The conduction of heart beat

1. Sino-atrial node acts as the ‘pacemaker’ of the heart because it is capable of initiating impulse which can stimulate the heart muscles to contract.
2. The impulse from the sinoatrial node spreads as a wave of contraction over the right and left atrial wall pushing the blood through the atrioventricular valves into the ventricles.
3. The wave of contraction from SA node reaches the atrioventricular (AV) node which is stimulated to emit an impulse of contraction spreading to the ventricular muscle via the atrioventricular bundle and the Purkinje fibres.

5. Enumerate the functions of blood.

Functions of blood

1. Transport of respiratory gases (Oxygen and CO2).
2. Transport of digested food materials to the different body cells.
3. Transport of hormones.
4. Transport of nitrogenous excretory products like ammonia, urea and uric acid.
5. It is involved in protection of the body and defense against diseases.
6. It acts as buffer and also helps in regulation of pH and body temperature.
7. It maintains proper water balance in the body.

IX. Assertion and Reasoning

Direction: In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given and a corresponding statement of Reason is given just below it. Of the statements given below, mark the correct answer as

1. If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. If A is true but R is false.
4. d) If both A and R are false.

1. Assertion: RBC plays an important role in the transport of respiratory gases.
Reason: RBC do not have cell organelles and nucleus.

• Ans : a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Assertion: Persons with AB blood group are called an universal recipients, because they can receive blood from all groups.
Reason: Antibodies are absent in persons with AB blood group.

• Ans : a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

X. High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS).

1. When any dry plant material is kept in water, they swell up. Name and define the phenomenon involved in this change.

1. Any dry plant material kept in water absorbs water and swells up. This phenomenon is known as imbibition.
2. Imbibition is defined as the uptake of water by substances that do not dissolve in water, so that the process results in swelling of the substance.

2. Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than the other chambers of the heart?

The left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the other chambers. This is due to the higher pressure needed to pump oxygenated blood through the aorta towards all the parts of the body.

3. Doctors use stethoscope to hear the sound of the heart. Why?

1. The stethoscope is an instrument used by doctors to listen the sound of the heart.
2. The heart sound is heard by placing the stethoscope on the chest.
3. It is useful diagnostic tool to identify and localize health problems and diagnose disease.

4. How does the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein differ in their function when compared to a normal artery and vein?

a) Differences between pulmonary artery and normal artery.

b) Differences between pulmonary vein and normal vein.

5. Transpiration is a necessary evil in plants. Explain.

1. The loss of excess water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration.
2. Transpiration is essential for the movement of water and minerals from the root to the healthy parts of the plant.
3. But excess transpiration may result in drying up of the leaves or wilting and loss of soil water. Hence it is termed as a necessary evil.

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