9th Std Science Solution in English | Lesson.18 Organization of Tissues

Lesson 18 Organization of Tissues

9th Science Guide: In this lesson, we will explore the concept of tissue organization in living organisms. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function. They are the building blocks of organs and play a crucial role in maintaining the overall structure and function of an organism. Let’s delve into the different types of tissues and their organization.

Organization of Tissues Book Back Answer

I. Choose the correct answer.

1. The tissue composed of living thin walled polyhedral cell is

1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
4. None of above

Ans: Parenchyma

2. The fibres consists of

1. Parenchyma
2. Sclerenchyma
3. Collenchyma
4. None of above

Ans: Sclerenchyma

3. Companion cells are closely associated with

1. sieve elements
2. vessel elements
3. Trichomes
4. guard cells.

Ans: sieve elements

4. Which of the following is a complex tissue.

1. parenchyma
2. collenchyma
3. xylem
4. sclerenchyma

Ans: xylem

5. Aerenchyma is found in

1. Epiphytes
2. hydrophytes
3. halophytes
4. xerophytes

Ans: hydrophytes

6. Smooth muscles occur in

1. Uterus
2. Artery
3. vein
4. All of the above.

Ans: All of the above.

7. Nerve cell does not contains

1. Axon
2. Nerve endings
3. Tendons
4. Dendrites

Ans: Tendons

8. A meristematic tissue consists of

1. Immature cells which are in a state of division and growth
2. Mature cells
3. Non-living cells
4. Sclerenchyma cells

Ans: Immature cells which are in a state of division and growth

9. Chlorenchyma is known to develop in the

1. cytoplasm of chlorella
2. mycelium of a green mould such as aspergillus
3. spore capsule of moss
4. pollen tube of pinus.

Ans: spore capsule of moss

10. Two long bones of the hand are dislocated in a person met who with an accident . Which among the following may be the possible reason.

1. Tendon injury
2. Break of skeletal muscle
3. Ligament tear
4. Rupture of Areolar tissue

Ans: Ligament tear

11. Unstraited muscles are found in

1. Blood vessels
2. Gastrointestinal tract
3. Urinary bladder
4. All of these

Ans : All of these

12. Which of the following is not found in a neuron?

1. Sarcolemma
2. Dendrite
3. Neurolemma
4. Axon

Ans: Sarcolemma

13. Long, unbranched multinucleated cells are

1. Striated muscle cells
2. Smooth muscles
3. Cardiac muscles
4. None of the above.

Ans: Striated muscle cells

14. White fibres of connective tissue are made up of

1. Elastin
2. Reticular fibres
3. Collagen
4. Myosin

Ans: Myosin

15. Brush bordered epithelium is found in

1. Stomach
2. Small intestine
3. Fallopian tube
4. Trachea

Ans: Fallopian tube

16. Which muscles act involuntary?

1. (i) and (ii)
2. (ii) and (iii)
3. (iii) and (iv)
4. (i) and (iv)

Ans: (ii) and (iii)

17. Tendon connects

1. Cartilage with muscles
2. Bone with muscles
3. Ligament with muscles
4. Bone with bone.

Ans: Bone with bone.

18. In a certain type of cell division the diploid number of chromosome is reduced to half. This kind of division occurs in

1. Testis
2. Ovary
3. Both ovary and testis
4. All body cells.

Ans: Both ovary and testis

II a. Match the following

II b. Match the contents of Column I, II and III

III. Fill in the blanks

1. _________ tissues provides mechanical support to organs.

Ans: Collenchyma

2. Parenchyma, collenchyma, Sclerenchyma are _________ type of tissue.

Ans: Simple tissue

3. _________ and _________ are complex tissues.

Ans: Xylem and Phloem

4. Epithelial cells with cilia are found in _________ of our body.

Ans: trachea of wind-pipe/bronchioles of respiratory tract/ kidney tubules/fallopian tubes of oviducts.

5. Lining of small intestine is made up of _________

Ans: Epithelial tissue

6. The _________ tissues are made up of more than one type of cells and these wok together as a unit.

Ans: Complex

7. The two types of skeletal connective tissues are _________ and _________ 

Ans: Tendons and ligaments

8. Humans have 46 chromosomes. Their sperms and eggs will have _________ chromosomes each.

Ans: 23

9. During pairing of chromosomes in meiosis,the _________ chromosomes come to lie side by side.

Ans: homologous chromosomes

IV. State whether True or false. If false, write the correct statement

1. Epithelial layer does not allow regulation of materials between body and external environment.

Ans: True

2. Bone and cartilage are two types of areolar connective tissue.

Ans: False

Correct Ans : Bone and cartilage are two types of supportive connective tissue.

3. Parenchyma is a simple tissue.

Ans: True

4. Phloem is made up of Tracheids.

Ans: False

Correct Ans : Xylem is made up of Tracheids.

5. Vessels are found in collenchymas. 

Ans: False

Correct Ans : Vessels are found in xylem.

6. Striated and non- striated tissues are types of epithelial tissues.

Ans: False

Correct Ans : Striated and non- striated tissues are types of muscular tissues.

7. As growth occurs in an individual the skin cells divide only to replace such cells that are lost from the surface

Ans:False

Correct Ans : As growth occurs in an individual the skin cells divide to replace such cells that are lost from the surface and also formation of more cells.

8. Epithelial tissue is protective tissue in animal body.

Ans: True

V. Short answer Questions

1. What are intercalary meristems? How do they differ from other meristems?

It lies between the region of permanent tissues and is part of primary meristem which is detached due to formation of intermittent permanent tissues. It is found either at the base of leaf

e.g. Pinus or at the base of internodes e.g. grasses.

2. What is complex tissue? Name the various kinds of complex tissues.

Complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells that work together as a unit. Common examples are xylem and phloem

3. Mention the most abundant muscular tissue found in our body. State its function

The most abundant muscular tissue found in our body is skeletal muscle or striated muscle.

Functions:

Skeletal muscle:

• These muscles are attached to the bones and are responsible for the body movements and are called skeletal muscles.
• They work under our control and are also known as voluntary muscles.
• They occur in the muscles of limbs (biceps and triceps of arms).
• They undergo rapid contraction.

4. What is skeletal connective tissue? How is it helpful in the functioning of our body?

Skeletal muscle: These muscles are attached to the bones and are responsible for the body movements and are called skeletal muscles. They work under our control and are also known as voluntary muscles. The muscle fibres are elongated, non-tapering, cylindrical, unbranched and showing alternating dark and light bands, giving them the striped or striated appearance. These cells possess many nuclei (multinucleate). They occur in the muscles of limbs (biceps and triceps of arms).They undergo rapid contraction.

5. Why should gametes be produced by meiosis during sexual reproduction?

• The constant number of chromosomes in a given species is maintained by meiotic division.
• Crossing over causes genetic variations among the species from one generation to the next.

6. In which stage of mitosis the chromosomes align in an equatorial plate? How?

Ans: Metaphase

The duplicated chromosomes arrange on the equatorial plane and form the metaphase plate. Each chromosome gets attached to a spindle fibre by its centromere which is known as the chromosomal fibre. The centromere of each chromosome divides into two, each being associated with a chromatid.

7. How would you differentiate between meristematic and permanent tissue?

8. Differentiate fibres from sclereids.

9. Which tissue is the main component of tendons and ligaments? How do they differ in function?

10. What are the fibres present in the matrix of loose connective tissue ?

collagen fibres, elastin fibres and fibroblast cells.

11. How are collagen fibres organized in dense connective tissues

Dense connective tissue is a fibrous connective tissue densely packed with fibres and fibroblasts. It is the principal component of tendons and ligaments.

12. Which tissue is called middleman between tissue cells and blood? Why?

• The matrix consists of collagen fibres, elastin fibres and fibroblast cells.
• It joins skin to muscles, fills space inside organs and is found around muscles, blood vessels and nerves.
• The matrix of this tissue plays an important role in diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from small blood vessels.
• It also helps in repair of tissues after injury and fixes skin to underlying muscles

13. Write one point of difference between

a) Bone and cartilage

b) Simple and compound epithelial tissue.

14. Why is blood considered to be a connective tissue?

The blood is the fluid connective tissues which link different parts of the body. The cells of the connective tissue are loosely spaced and are embedded in an intercellular matrix

15. Give the sequence of the events occurring during prophase of mitosis.

During this stage chromosomesbecome short and thick and are clearly visible inside the nucleus. Centrosome splits into two daughter centrioles, they move apart and occupy opposite poles of the cell. Each centriole is surrounded by radiating rays, termed as aster rays. Spindle fibres appear between the two centrioles. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear gradually

16. Why is meiosis called reductional division and mitosis as equational division?

Meiosis:

The process of meiosis involves divisions of genetic material.

The first division is called reduction division.

First division reduces the number of chromosomes diploid(2n) to haploid(n).

Mitosis:

The process of cell division where chromosomes replicate and get equally distributed in two daughter cells.

The chromosome number in each daughter cell is equal to that is diploid.

Hence mitosis is known as equational division

VI. Answer in detail.

1. What are permanent tissues? Describe the different types of simple permanent tissues.

Permanent tissues are those in which, growth has stopped either completely or for the time being. At times, they become meristematic partially or wholly. Permanent tissues are of two types, namely: (i) simple tissue and (ii) complex tissue.

Simple tissues are homogeneous tissues composed of structurally and functionally similar cells.

eg., Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

Parenchyma

Parenchyma are simple permanent tissues composed of living cells. Parenchyma cells are thin walled, oval, rounded or polygonal in shape with well developed spaces among them. In aquatic plants, parenchyma possesses intercellular air spaces, and is named as Aerenchyma. When exposed to light, parenchyma cells may develop chloroplasts and are known as Chlorenchyma.

Function

Parenchyma may store water in many succulent and xerophytic plants. It also serves the functions of storage of food reserves, absorption, buoyancy, secretion etc.,

Collenchyma

Collenchyma is a living tissue found beneath the epidermis. Cells are elongated with unevenly thickened walls. Cells have rectangular oblique or tapering ends and persistent protoplast. They possess thick primary non-lignified walls.

Function

They provide mechanical support for growing organs.

Sclerenchyma

Sclerenchyma consists of thick walled cells which are often lignified. the Sclerenchyma cells are dead and do not possess living protoplasts at maturity. Sclerenchyma cells are grouped into fibres and sclereids. Fibres are elongated sclerenchymatous cells, usually with pointed ends. Their walls are lignified.

Fibres are abundantly found in many plants. The average length of fibres is 1 to 3 mm, however in plants like Linum usitatissimum (flax), Cannabis sativa (hemp) and Corchorus capsularis (jute), fibres are extensively longer, ranging from 20 mm to 550 mm.

Sclereids

Sclereids are widely distributed in plant body. They are usually broad, may occur in single or in groups. Sclereids are isodiametric, with liginified walls. Pits are prominent and seen along the walls. Lumen is filled with wall materials. Sclereids are also common in fruits and seeds

2. Write about the elements of Xylem.

Xylem is a conducting tissue which conducts water, mineral nutrients upward from root to leaves. Xylem gives mechanical support to the plant body.

Xylem is composed of: (i) xylem tracheids (ii) xylem fibres (iii) xylem vessels and (iv) xylem parenchyma.

Xylem tracheids:

• These are elongated or tube-like dead cells with hard, thick and lignified walls.
• Their ends are tapering, blunt or chisel-like and devoid of protoplast.
• They have large lumen without any content.
• Their function is conduction of water and providing mechanical support to the plant.

Xylem fibres:

• These cells are elongated, lignified and pointed at both the ends.
• Xylem fibres provide mechanical support to the plant.

Xylem vessels:

• These are long cylindrical, tube like structures with lignified walls and wide central lumen.
• These cells are dead as these do not have protoplast.
• They are arranged in longitudinal series in which the partitioned walls (transverse walls) are perforated, and so the entire structure looks-like a water pipe.
• Their main function is to transport of water and also to provide mechanical strength.

Xylem parenchyma:

• These are living and thin walled cells.
• The main function of xylem parenchyma is to store starch and fatty substances.

3. List out the differences between mitosis and meiosis.

VII. Value Based Questions – Thinking Skills

1. What is the consequence that occur if all blood platelets are removed from the blood?

If all blood platelets are removed from blood. Blood will not clot.

If small injury occur on our body part blood loss will occur.

2. Which are not true cells in the blood? Why?

Red blood corpuscles are not true cells in the blood. because they lack nucleus.

3. Identify the figure given below

(a) Label the parts a, b and c

(b) What is the chemical composition of the tissue?

(c) What is the function of c?

a) T.S of Bone

b) The matrix of the bone is rich in calcium salts and collagen fibers.

c) The matrix of the bone is rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres which gives the bone its strength. The matrix of the bone is in the form of concentric rings called lamellae. The fluid filled spaces present between the lamellae are called lacunae in which are present the bone cells called osteocytes that communicate with each other by a network of fine canals called canaliculi. The hollow cavities of spaces are called marrow cavities filled with bone marrow. They provide shape and structural framework to the body. Bones support and protect soft tissues and organs.

4. Identify figures A and B

a. __________ epithelium forms the outer lining of the buccal cavity.

Ans: Squamose Epithelium

b. __________ epithelium consist of cells that are tall and pillar-like.

Ans: Columnar Epithelium

c. Which one allows diffusion of substances?

Squamose Epithelium

d. Which is called pavement epithelium?

Squamose Epithelium

e. Which epithelium lines the gastrointestinal tract and epiglottis?

Columnar Epithelium

5. If cell (A) has undergone one mitotic division and another cell (B) has completed its meiotic division. The number of cells produced in A and B would be

Cell A: Cell B :

Ans: Cell A : 2 cells Cell B : 4 cells

6. Identify the stage of mitosis from the following picture given below. List the chromosomal events in this stage.

Anaphase :

The centromeres attaching the two chromatids divide and the two daughter chromatids of each chromosome separate and migrate towards the two opposite poles. The migration of the daughter chromosomes is achieved by the contraction of spindle fibres.

7. Identify the following relationship

Cuboidal: Epithelial

Cardiac: Cardiac muscle

Granulocytes: Fluid Connective Tissue

Osteocytes: Supportive connective tissue

8. You are now familiarised with various plant and animal tissues. Point out any five differences between these tissues.

VIII. Answer briefly

1. Give two types of Sclerenchyma.

1. Fibres
2. Sclereids

2. Name the components of xylem and phloem.

Xylem components:

• xylem tracheids
• xylem fibres
• xylem vessels
• xylem parenchyma.

Phloem components:

• Sieve elements
• Companion cells.
• Phloem fibres
• Phloem parenchyma

3. Name the tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.

Tendons

4. Name tissue that stores fat in our body.

Adipocytes or Fat cell

5. Name the connective tissue with a fluid matrix.

Blood, Lymph

6. Name the tissue present in the brain.

Nervous tissue

IX. Assertion and Reason

Direction: In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given and a corresponding statement of Reason is given just below it. Of statements, given below, mark the correct answer as

1. If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
2. If both Assertion and Reason are true Reason is not the correct explanation of Asssertion.
3. If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
4. If both Assertion and Reason are false

1. Assertion: Non-striated muscles are said to be voluntary in nature.
   Reason: Non-striated muscles are under the control of our will.

Ans: If Assertion is true but Reason is false.

2. Assertion: Materials are exchanged between epithelial and connective tissues by diffusion.
    Reason: Blood vessels are absent in epithelial tissue.

Ans: If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

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